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a man may have a great mass of knowledge, but if he has not worked it up by thinking it over for himself, it has much less value than a far smaller amount which he has thoroughly pondered.
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“a man may have a great mass of knowledge, but if he has not worked it up by thinking it over for himself, it has much less value than a far smaller amount which he has thoroughly pondered.”

Arthur Schopenhauer

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Source
The Art of Literature
Date
1851
English wording
T. Bailey Saunders — Translator · from German
Meaning

Meaning of “a man may have a great mass of…”

Accumulated information is distinguished from understanding: Schopenhauer values knowledge that has been actively compared, connected and reconsidered over a larger but unprocessed store.

Source context

Where does it come from?

The Art of Literature, section “On Thinking for Oneself,” T. Bailey Saunders translation; Project Gutenberg #10714. The library analogy immediately precedes the sentence.

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it is only when he has turned it over that he can be said to know it.
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“it is only when he has turned it over that he can be said to know it.”

Arthur Schopenhauer · The Art of Literature · 1851
Meaning & context

Learning becomes knowledge, in this account, when material has been actively reconsidered and integrated rather than merely encountered or memorized.

Source details

The Art of Literature, section “On Thinking for Oneself,” T. Bailey Saunders translation; Project Gutenberg #10714. The preceding sentence says a person must first learn something before turning it over in the mind.

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If a man will begin with certainties, he shall end in doubts; but if he will be content to begin with doubts, he shall end in certainties.
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“If a man will begin with certainties, he shall end in doubts; but if he will be content to begin with doubts, he shall end in certainties.”

Francis Bacon · The Advancement of Learning · 1605
Meaning & context

Intellectual confidence can be improved by beginning with questions rather than pretending certainty too early.

Source details

The Advancement of Learning, First Book, Project Gutenberg #5500, transcribed from the 1893 Cassell & Company edition. Bacon contrasts impatience of doubt with mature suspension of judgment and then sets out two ways of contemplation before saying that beginning with certainties ends in doubts while beginning with doubts can end in certainties. It remains early-modern epistemological argument rather than a modern experimental rule for scientific method.

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all progress of mind consists for the most part in differentiation, in the resolution of an obscure and complex object into its component aspects
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“all progress of mind consists for the most part in differentiation, in the resolution of an obscure and complex object into its component aspects”

Walter Pater · Appreciations, with an Essay on Style · 1889
Meaning & context

Pater describes intellectual progress as learning to distinguish parts within what initially seems confused, a method that makes clearer categories and more exact judgment possible.

Source details

Appreciations, with an Essay on Style, essay “Style,” printed page 5 in the standard Macmillan 1910 Library Edition pagination reproduced by Project Gutenberg #4037. “all progress of mind consists for the most part in differentiation...” opens Pater’s argument by distinguishing prose, verse and poetry. This is literary-aesthetic criticism, not a modern experimental claim about cognition or learning.

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I must think over things for myself and get to understand them.
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“I must think over things for myself and get to understand them.”

Henrik Ibsen · A Doll's House · 1879
Voice: Fictional character · Nora Helmer
Meaning & context

Nora claims the responsibility to examine received beliefs for herself, making independent thought part of her attempt to understand her own identity and circumstances.

Source details

A Doll’s House, Act III, R. Farquharson Sharp translation, Project Gutenberg #15492. Nora Helmer says she must think things over for herself during the final confrontation with Torvald, after saying she must educate herself and stand alone. This is fictional dramatic speech, not Ibsen autobiography or contemporary family / legal guidance.

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Culture is then properly described not as having its origin in curiosity, but as having its origin in the love of perfection.
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“Culture is then properly described not as having its origin in curiosity, but as having its origin in the love of perfection.”

Matthew Arnold · Culture and Anarchy · 1869
Meaning & context

Curiosity becomes more than collecting information when it is directed toward fuller development, better judgment, and a serious desire to improve understanding.

Source details

Culture and Anarchy; Arnold distinguishes idle curiosity from the pursuit of intellectual and moral perfection.

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The service of philosophy, of speculative culture, towards the human spirit is to rouse, to startle it into sharp and eager observation.
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“The service of philosophy, of speculative culture, towards the human spirit is to rouse, to startle it into sharp and eager observation.”

Walter Pater · The Renaissance: Studies in Art and Poetry · 1873
Meaning & context

Pater values philosophy for sharpening attention: its practical intellectual service is to make perception more alert rather than allowing experience to pass unnoticed through habit.

Source details

The Renaissance, Conclusion; Project Gutenberg #2398. The line belongs to Pater’s historically controversial conclusion on experience and culture.

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