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“Mere justice is, upon most occasions, but a negative virtue, and only hinders us from hurting our neighbour.”
Smith distinguishes the minimum restraint required by justice from positive generosity: justice first prevents injury, even when it does not itself supply active beneficence.
Source note: The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Part II, Section II, discussion comparing justice with beneficence and the obligations that society may enforce.
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“Society in equality is its normal state.”
Mill contrasts relations organized around command and obedience with equal association, presenting equality as the normal direction of an improving society.
Source note: The Subjection of Women, discussion of marriage and moral cultivation; the sentence follows Mill’s contrast between older command-and-obedience relations and society among equals.
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“Great part of that order which reigns among mankind is not the effect of government.”
Paine argues that everyday social order also grows from mutual dependence, custom, exchange, and cooperation rather than being created entirely by government.
Source note: Rights of Man, Part II; the surrounding passage attributes much ordinary social coordination to society itself.
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“Whatever is my right as a man is also the right of another; and it becomes my duty to guarantee as well as to possess.”
Paine makes rights reciprocal: claiming a right for oneself entails recognizing and defending the same right in others.
Source note: Rights of Man, Part I; represented through Moncure Daniel Conway’s public-domain Project Gutenberg collection.
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“Then we must do no wrong?”
Voice: Dialogue speaker · Socrates
The brief question tests whether the previously accepted principle against wrongdoing still holds when obedience to it becomes personally costly.
Source note: Crito, Benjamin Jowett translation; Socrates is testing the moral premises that will govern his decision about escaping prison.
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“Man is naturally a political animal.”
Human beings naturally form communities in which speech, judgment, cooperation, law, and shared ideas of justice shape common life.
Source note: Politics, Book I, William Ellis translation; Aristotle argues that the city develops from natural forms of association.