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“Society in equality is its normal state.”
Mill contrasts relations organized around command and obedience with equal association, presenting equality as the normal direction of an improving society.
Source note: The Subjection of Women, discussion of marriage and moral cultivation; the sentence follows Mill’s contrast between older command-and-obedience relations and society among equals.
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“What dost thou think most humane?—To spare a person shame.”
The compact answer makes restraint from humiliating another person a test of humane conduct and sensitivity to dignity.
Source note: The Joyful Wisdom, aphorism 274; Thomas Common translation.
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“Great part of that order which reigns among mankind is not the effect of government.”
Paine argues that everyday social order also grows from mutual dependence, custom, exchange, and cooperation rather than being created entirely by government.
Source note: Rights of Man, Part II; the surrounding passage attributes much ordinary social coordination to society itself.
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“The a priori presumption is in favour of freedom and impartiality.”
Mill places the burden of proof on restrictions and unequal privilege rather than treating inherited inequality as self-justifying.
Source note: The Subjection of Women, Chapter I; the line appears in Mill’s argument about where the burden of proof should fall when liberty or equal treatment is restricted.
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“What women by nature cannot do, it is quite superfluous to forbid them from doing.”
The argument exposes a contradiction in claims about natural incapacity: if an activity were truly impossible by nature, legal prohibition would be unnecessary.
Source note: The Subjection of Women, Chapter I; Mill argues against using custom and prohibition as evidence of women’s supposed natural limitations.
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“Insanity in individuals is something rare—but in groups, parties, nations, and epochs it is the rule.”
Collective belonging can amplify irrationality that would be less common in an isolated person, making group judgment worth examining critically.
Source note: Beyond Good and Evil, aphorism 156, Helen Zimmern translation.