Tolstoy frames the self as finite yet participating in something larger, shifting the question of meaning away from isolated individual duration toward a relation with the infinite.
My Confession, Leo Wiener translation; the question appears in Tolstoy’s investigation of how finite human life might be related to an infinite reality.
“All things, then, seek the good.”
Boethius frames action as movement toward some perceived good, making the nature of genuine goodness central to understanding desire, purpose, and happiness.
The Consolation of Philosophy, Book III, Chapter XI, H. R. James translation (Elliot Stock, 1897), printed page 149 in Project Gutenberg #14328. Lady Philosophy reaches ‘All things, then, seek the good’ after arguing that things naturally seek continued existence and unity, and that unity and goodness are the same. This remains late-antique metaphysical/philosophical argument mediated by translation, not an empirical description of every human motive or modern behavioral science.
“The unexamined life is not worth living.”
Socrates links a worthwhile human life with reflection on beliefs, conduct, and reasons rather than unexamined routine.
Apology 38a; wording varies by translation.
“To be, or not to be: that is the question.”
The line condenses an existential dilemma into a question about endurance, action, fear, and the unknown consequences of death.
Act 3, Scene 1; Hamlet weighs existence against suffering and uncertainty.
“To live is to correspond, and to correspond is to live.”
Drummond expresses his view that life depends on active relation with an environment, then uses that idea as an analogy within his Christian account of spiritual life.
Natural Law in the Spiritual World, represented by Project Gutenberg #23334. The sentence belongs to Drummond’s nineteenth-century attempt to analogize scientific language and Christian theology. It is retained as historical religious-philosophical argument, not a current biological law.
“To define is to limit.”
Definitions clarify ideas but can also narrow them, especially when a label is treated as the complete reality of a person or experience.
The Picture of Dorian Gray, 1891 edition, Chapter 17; Lord Henry answers the Duchess of Monmouth’s question “What are you?” with “To define is to limit.”
“There is no Wealth but Life.”
Ruskin makes human life and its capacities the final measure of wealth, challenging definitions that treat accumulated money or goods as sufficient evidence of national well-being.
Unto This Last, fourth essay, first published in Cornhill Magazine in 1860 and collected in book form in 1862; Project Gutenberg #36541. This is Ruskin’s normative political-economy argument, not a modern empirical wealth metric.
